The pH scale measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, ranging from 0 to 14, with values below 7 representing acidity, above 7 representing alkalinity, and 7 representing neutrality.

Induction of an antibody response capable of neutralizing diverse HIV-1 isolates is a critical goal for vaccines that protect against HIV-1 infection. Potentially the greatest obstacle to achieving ...

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to evolve at a rapid pace, generating new variants that arouse concern. Variants that were first detected in California (B.1.429 ...

Philadelphia firefighters gather at the entrance to Philadelphia Energy Solutions Refinery, while a large flare burns off fuel to prevent it from feeding the massive fire at the refinery. Workers at ...

A well-established technique, acid-base titration is an analytical method used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base. In practice, it involves ...