Queueing theory and systems analysis serve as fundamental frameworks for modelling and understanding the dynamics of waiting lines, providing essential insights into the performance of a variety of ...

Retrial queueing systems represent a class of models in which arriving customers, upon encountering a busy or unavailable server, enter a virtual waiting room—commonly referred to as an orbit—to ...

Performance analysis of queueing networks is one of the most challenging areas of queueing theory. Barring very specialized models such as product-form type queueing networks, there exist very few ...

This paper has been motivated by a fleet optimization problem faced by one of the leading European cargo rail companies. The company operates a fleet of more than 100,000 rail cars and annually ...